The Concept of Justice Free Essays

string(156) an individual taking part in shamefulness will undoubtedly get affluent in physical qualities, he comes up short on the principal ethics and attributes of a decent man. Socrates and Aristotle both have differentiating perspectives on the idea of equity which serves to impact their ideas of a perfect constitution. The theoretical, theoretical thoughts of Socrates will be thoroughly analyzed with the commonsense, tactile ones of Aristotle in issues concerning equity and governmental issues. Both Aristotle and Socrates can't help contradicting respects to the meaning of equity and what characteristics are ascribed to a fair individual. We will compose a custom paper test on The Concept of Justice or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now As per Aristotle, an equitable individual must adhere to the law and forgo covetousness. In the assessment of Socrates, voracity comprises of taking more than what is required to endure. He focuses on the significance of judiciousness and restraint in the lives of a fair individual. Aristotle, in any case, expresses that a ravenous individual is somebody who doesn't comprehend the contrast between taking what is acceptable and what isn't acceptable. A well off individual can likewise be simply. Aristotle gives two unique sorts of equity which he marks distributive and rectifactory equity. Distributive equity is worried about the circulation of cash, respect, and different assets among the individuals who have an offer in open association. Equity is of the best significance while circulating products. Rectifactory equity concerns exchanges between people in which the two gatherings commonly trade merchandise or administrations. Through both of these methods Aristotle looks to give equity in the composed law of his polis which is dedicated to the benefit of all. Nonetheless, Socrates sees equity as the amicable pieces of the individual or of a city. A simply man, in this way, is in the perfect spot and putting forth a valiant effort to play out his capacity. He asserts that the capacity of an individual is pondering, governing, living, and dealing with things. The thoughts of Aristotle vary incredibly from this point of view. He expresses that the human capacity is to perform exercises that express explanation. Socrates sees his optimal city where each individual plays out their capacity. His perspectives relate to the network where an individual lives while Aristotle’s sees are increasingly individualistic as somebody who communicates reason in his rationale can do as such without others or his locale. In the Republic, Socrates endeavors to show his perspectives with the anecdote of the boat. The low city resembles an untamed sea maintained by an incredible yet inebriated chief (speaking to the uninformed ordinary citizens), a gathering of dishonest guides (lawmakers), and a pilot (the savant). The main way the boat will arrive at its goal, the great, is if the guide assumes responsibility. Scholars, who are admirers of insight, should govern in light of the fact that they comprehend what is acceptable and just. It is additionally the assessment of Socrates that individuals who have been the survivors of shamefulness are bound to become vile themselves. He can't help contradicting the idea that returning obligations owed, helping companions, and hurting foes are not appropriate purposes behind doing bad form: â€Å"So in the event that somebody reveals to us it is simply to provide for every what he is owed and comprehends by this that a simply man should hurt his adversaries and advantage his companions, the person who says it isn't insightful. That is to say, what he says isn't correct. For it has gotten clear to us that it is never just to hurt anyone† (Plato, Republic, 335e). A savvy individual would comprehend that it isn't helpful to his spirit to do foul play just to his adversaries. A savvy individual, as per Socrates could never hurt anybody. He keeps up that a benevolent just ruler judges what is best for his kin and holds their inclinations in more prominent regard than his companions or family: â€Å"†¦ No one in any situation of rule†¦ considers or charges what is beneficial for himself, yet what is invaluable for his subjects† (Plato, Republic, 342e). A ruler who performs demonstrations of foul play is, essentially, increasingly inclined to debasement and oppression. Along these lines he gives expanded help to his contention concerning thinkers as leaders of the polis. Socrates and Aristotle likewise vary in their conclusions with regards to which type of government is ideal to run the polis. Socrates shields the thought that the city would best be administered by the savant rulers; a gathering of individuals who had persevered through thorough mental and physical preparing for most of their lives. They would administer all together or a government. Aristotle perceives the way that it is workable for a government to decline into an oppression, which is the most noticeably terrible conceivable state. He suggests the development of a country or a vote based system as the lesser of two disasters. Socrates draws a barely recognizable difference among numbness and astuteness. It is, actually, perceiving what one doesn't know from what one knows. In this manner, in the event that one can't perceive the prudence of equity, one must be supposed to be uninformed: â€Å"†¦ if equity is without a doubt astuteness and goodness, it will be anything but difficult to appear, I assume, that it is more grounded than foul play, since treachery is ignorance† (Plato, Republic, 351a). Insight is without a doubt the more regarded when contrasted and numbness and thus equity must be preferred regarded over foul play. Be that as it may, Socrates is gone up against with contentions for treachery. He endeavors to guard equity as being more beneficial than bad form: â€Å"†¦ that to do foul play is normally acceptable and to endure treachery bad†¦ The best is to do unfairness without taking care of the punishment; the most exceedingly terrible is to endure it without taking revenge† (Plato, Republic, 358e). At the end of the day, it is satisfactory and urged for somebody to perform demonstrations of foul play as long as he isn't discovered and doesn't endure the results. Assuming be that as it may, a demonstration of treachery is done against somebody, it is the obligation of the casualty to render retribution on him. Socrates calls attention to that this game-plan drives just to immaterial material addition. Thrasymachus claims that submitting demonstrations of treachery without being gotten is increasingly beneficial to one’s notoriety and would permit one to accomplish more. Socrates recognizes that albeit an individual participating in treachery will in all likelihood become rich in physical qualities, he does not have the essential excellencies and attributes of a decent man. You read The Concept of Justice in class Exposition models The righteousness of something is the state or property that makes it great. For example, the ideals of a man may incorporate his insight, mental fortitude, or feeling of equity. Equity, for this situation, is an ethical conduct which is said to have a place with upright individuals. Along these lines, equity itself is an excellence. Thrasymachus’ contention has no legitimacy on the grounds that a man who endeavors to accomplish more by getting material riches through submitting demonstrations of shamefulness does not have the more regarded ideals of insight and equity. It is likewise the assessment of Socrates that simply individuals are more joyful and live preferred lives over unfair ones. He is, obviously, discussing the joy of the spirit as opposed to its shell, the body. Much as the uprightness of the eyes is to see and the prudence of the ears to hear, the excellence of the spirit is equity: â€Å"†¦ ustice is a soul’s righteousness and equity its vice† (Plato, Republic, 353e). It is increasingly gainful for an individual to be simply than treacherous, as he will be giving his spirit its goodness and in this manner carrying on with a cheerful life. Better is the poor man with a decent only soul than the rich man who has made his riches through bad habit with a polluted soul. In any case, it must be called attention to that in spite of the fact that Socrates asserts that equity prompts bliss, he denies the leaders of his city of joy, however they should be prepared in equity and astuteness. As Aristotle states: â€Å"†¦ ven however Socrates denies the watchmen of their bliss, he says that the lawmaker should make the entire city-state upbeat. In any case, it is incomprehensible for the entire to be glad except if all, most, are a portion of its parts are happy† (Aristotle, Politics, 1264b). Socrates thought it was pivotal that the watchmen were not given the kind of satisfaction which would no longer make them gatekeepers. For a potter who is given gems and wealth no longer practices the specialty of stoneware as is not, at this point thought about a potter. In like manner, a gatekeeper must not be given riches or natural solaces however stay content with his job. Aristotle contends that regardless of whether the watchman class is distraught, it is incomprehensible for the skilled workers, ranchers, and lower classes to be upbeat. Without bliss, there is no equity. Socrates likewise asserts that simply individuals can cooperate so as to accomplish a shared objective. He keeps up that simply individuals cooperating can get along without doing shamefulness among themselves: â€Å"†¦ simply individuals are savvier and better and progressively equipped for acting, while out of line ones are not even ready to act together† (Plato, Republic, 352c). Bad form causes groups, abhorrences, and squabbles among individuals and companions. A band of burglars with a typical out of line reason would not have the option to accomplish it on the off chance that they are treacherous among themselves. Foul play gives conditions in which it is outlandish for individuals to cooperate. Thusly, bad form forestalls the various pieces of the spirit from cooperating toward a shared objective. On account of companionship and equity, Socrates and Aristotle appear to be in shared accord. Aristotle accepts companionship and comradeship to be one of the key segments of having a decent existence. He saw equity as the impartiality or reasonableness in relational relations. Highminded propensities can be gained inside an ethical network which at last prompts an upright and good life. Socrates accepts that the idea of the state is similar to with the idea of the individual and the idea of the spirit. The spirit contains

Birth Control: History, Methods and Issues

Anti-conception medication: History, Methods and Issues David Anti-conception medication Presentation How astounding would it be in the event that we lived in a perfect world where individuals can pick whether to get pregnant after unprotected sex and have no Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD). Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD) are illnesses that has a high opportunity to be transmitted between people by sex, for example, yet not constrained to: â€Å"vaginal intercourse, butt-centric sex, oral sex, etc.†[1] Well lamentably there is no ideal world. In any case, we have anti-conception medication strategies that can forestall pregnancy and Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD). Conception prevention is the act of keeping a lady from gaining pregnant.[2] Birth power is an issue in the public eye that needs more consideration, just on the grounds that it prompts more issues, for example, â€Å"teen pregnancy, fetus removal, overpopulation, STD, etc.† History of Birth Control Conception prevention was first utilized in the 1550 B.C by an Egyptian original copy called the Ebers Papyrus. It gives ladies bearings on the most proficient method to blend dates, acacia and nectar into a glue, spread it over the vagina and use it to forestall pregnancy. [3] During the 1700s, the principal condoms were being tested. It went from sheep-bladder condoms to the utilization of a large portion of a lemon as a temporary cervical top. [4] The primary ever elastic condoms were designed in 1839 by Charles Goodyear. In 1873, United States of America is the main Western country to condemn contraception. During the 1800s a huge cervical top in developed.[5] In 1954, John Rock led the first since forever conception prevention pill and tried it on 50 ladies. In 1960 the FDA affirmed the utilization of anti-conception medication pills however much to their dismay that practically a large portion of a million U.S ladies are as of now utilizing it.[6] Presently we have further developed conception prevention techniques. An ever increasing number of individuals are utilizing anti-conception medication to forestall undesirable pregnancy. Techniques for Birth Control On the planet today there are different approaches to forestall pregnancy and a great deal of them are exceptionally compelling and safe. From sheep bladder condoms to too thin latex condoms. We consider that to be ass innovation is improving, anti-conception medication techniques are getting increasingly more progressed simultaneously. There are anti-conception medication strategies that are â€Å"natural† and don't include any pills, condoms, and so on. Forbearance is a characteristic contraception strategy, this is a technique that doesn’t include having intercourse with an accomplice. Couples may appreciate different sorts of sexual exercises that don't prompt the female getting pregnant.[7] This strategy is 100% viable and safe on the grounds that there is no communication between a penis and a vagina. So also to restraint outercourse is additionally a characteristic conception prevention technique. Outercourse incorporates any sort of sexual movement that doesn’t include vaginal intercourse and penetration.[8] It is additionally 100% compelling and safe since it doesn’t include any cooperation between a penis and a vagina. The withdrawal (pull out) technique in the other hand is a characteristic anti-conception medication strategy that include sex. A man will haul his penis out of the vagina before discharge. Discharge is the point at which the semen sprays out of the penis.[9] This technique can forestall p regnancy yet has the hazard to be determined to have Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD). There are different conception prevention techniques that include the utilization of pills, substances, and items. Conception prevention pills are notable all through the world. There are numerous kinds of contraception pills, some are powerful and some are most certainly not. An anti-conception medication pill keeps the egg from leaving the ovaries. It makes the cervical bodily fluid thicker so the sperm is blocked and can’t reach the egg.[10] There is another sort of contraception pill yet this one is for crisis use. It is known as a next day contraceptive. Subsequent to having unprotected sex, inside this 5 days taking this crisis contraception pill will forestall pregnancy. It can take as long as six days for the sperm and egg to meet in the wake of engaging in sexual relations so this pill can forestall pregnancy. This pill keeps the woman’s ovary from discharging egg for longer than usual.[11] Condoms are made of meager latex or plastic that has been formed like a penis. During sex it is worn on the penis. Condoms can forestall pregnancy and lower the danger of getting Sexual Transmitted Diseases(STD). At the point when a man discharges the condom gathers the semen so it forestalls the sperm entering the vagina.[12] There are likewise condoms for ladies. It works precisely equivalent to the condom worn by men, it gathers the semen and forestalls it entering the vagina. The female condom is embedded somewhere inside the vagina. The ring at the shut end holds the pocket in the vagina to hinder the semen entering the vagina. The ring at the open end remains outside the vaginal opening during intercourse where the man embeds his penis in.[13] There are objects that is embedded into the women’s vagina to forestall pregnancy when no condom is utilized during sex. They all have likenesses being used. Some of them contain spermicide. Spermicide has synthetic compounds that can prevent a sperm from moving to keep it from getting together with the egg.[14] For instance, the contraception wipe contains spermicide. It is delicate, round, and two inch in breadth. It is made out of plastic foam.[15] Before sexaul intercourse, the conception prevention wipe is embedded somewhere inside the woman’s vagina. At the point when the man discharges in the vagina, the sperm will be obstructed by the conception prevention sponge.[16] And will be consumed by the wipe. The stomach is an arch formed cup with an adaptable rim.[17] It is made out of silicone and it is set on the cervix to obstruct the opening of the uterus.[18] The spermicide prevents the sperm from moving so preparation won't occur. There are some that don’t have spermicide. For instance, the cervical top. The cervical top is a silicone cup that has a state of a mariners hat.[19] Woman embeds it into their vagina and over their cervix. [20]The cervical top hinders the uterus from opening so the sperm can't prepare the egg.[21] There are anti-conception medication strategies where hormones (Estrogen) are discharged into the body that forestalls pregnancy. The conception prevention embed is a meager, adaptable plastic embed about the size of a matchstick.[22] It is embedded under the skin of the upper arm. [23]It can forestall pregnancy for 3 three years. [24]Estrogen is discharged which forestalls pregnancy. The anti-conception medication fix is like the anti-conception medication embed. It likewise discharges estrogen into the body. Be that as it may, the contraception fix is a flimsy plastic fix that adheres to the skin like a bandage.[25] Once every week the fix must be swapped by another fix for three weeks then there will be a fix free week.[26] The conception prevention shot is an infusion of hormones (Progestin) into the body to forestall pregnancy. Each shot forestalls pregnancy for three months.[27] We see that there are for the most part contraception techniques for females. Guys just wear condoms to forestall pregnancy. So now individuals are beginning to create male conception preventions. Another male contraception strategy is being created. It is called Vasalgel; it is an infusion not a pill. It obstructs the cylinder where the sperm swim through from the testicle.[28] A man can have unprotected sex and won’t discharge. Be that as it may, the infusion must be taken simply over the testicles.[29] The Vasalgel is still in its beginning times of advancement, it has just been tried on monkeys and rabbits.[30] No individual has ever attempted it yet. The cost isn't yet set, yet the Foundation noticed that Vasalgel isn't more than $800. At the end of the day, on the off chance that you can bear the cost of an iPhone 6, you can manage the cost of this new male birth control.[31] Anti-conception medication accompanies reactions as well. Predominantly the hormone-based conception prevention frequently accompanies symptoms that can extend from small irritating to where you get terminated up.[32] The contraception that includes embeddings objects into a woman’s vagina has reactions, for example, vaginal infection.[33] The anti-conception medication pill can cause migraines, discombobulation, and bosom delicacy. As indicated by Hilda Hutcherson, MD, an ob-gyn educator at Columbia University.[34] These reactions will leave in the wake of taking the pill for a while.[35] Queasiness is for the most part brought about by the contraception patch.[36] According to Hilda Hutcherson, MD, an ob-gyn teacher at Columbia University. Changing to oral conception prevention techniques can help decline nausea.[37] Diminished sexual want is brought about by the contraception pill.[38] According to Hilda Hutcherson, MD, an ob-gyn teacher at Columbia University. Changing to different kinds of anti-conception medication pills may help yet on the off chance that not change to other methods.[39] Emotional episodes are brought about by hormonal anti-conception medication methods.[40] Changing to nonhormal techniques will help decline mind-set swings.[41] All hormonal strategies are probably going to cause mind-set swings.[42] Family Planning in Thailand Since Thailand is a buddhist nation anti-conception medication pills and condoms are the more best and satisfactory methods.[43] Condoms are top picks among Thais. Since condoms don’t simply forestall pregnancy yet in addition forestalls STDs.[44] According to Mechai Viravaidya, a legislator in Thailand, the Buddhist sacred writings state that numerous births cause enduring, so Buddhism isn't against conception prevention. Furthermore, we even end up with priests sprinkling heavenly water on pills and condoms for the sacredness of the family before items went out into the villages.[45] Mechai has been known as â€Å"Mr.Condom† in Thailand.[46] He carried attention to condoms, anti-conception medication, and AIDS. Before he would giveaway condoms each valentine day.[47]From the time he started his crusade, the normal number of youngsters in Thai families has diminished from 7 to 1.5.[48] We can see that the number diminished drastically. This is one reason why Thailand i sn't overpopulated. Conception prevention in China China has the most populace on the planet 1,366,990,000.[49] It takes up

The Best Books in Every State List List #275

The Best Books in Every State List List #275 Sponsored by OverDrive. Meet Libby, a new app built with love for readers to discover and enjoy eBooks and audiobooks from your library. Created by OverDrive and inspired by library users, Libby was designed to get people reading as quickly and seamlessly as possible. Libby is a one-tap reading app for your library who is a good friend always ready to go to the library with you. One-tap to borrow, one-tap to read, and one-tap to return to your library or bookshelf to begin your next great book. Travel+Leisure, The Best Books Based in Every State at Signature, 11 of the Best Shirley Jackson Books at Unbound Worlds, 7 Japanese Horror Novels at Brightly, 17 New Authors of Color Writing Much-Needed Stories for Kids at Off the Shelf, 13 Autumnal Books at BuzzFeed, 23 Goosebumps Books Youll Still Find Terrifying at Bustle, 11 Memoirs Perfect For Literary Fiction-Lovers at Literary Hub, Scary Literary Fiction for People Who Hate Horror   at Electric Lit, 12 New Book Covers Created for Sherlock Holmes’ 125th Anniversary at Lee Low Blog, 7 Children’s Books for National Bullying Prevention Month at The New York Times, Sex, Politics and the Banned Books of 2016 at Read it Forward, 8 Books Issa Rae Recommends on Instagram

Genetically Modified Foods - 1693 Words

Genetically modified foods (GM) are foods that come from organisms whose genetic material has been modified in a way that is not natural. Introducing a gene from a different organism to foods is an example of a way that genetic modification is used. This type of genetic engineering involves altering, transferring, and recombining genes from disparate organisms. It is said that genetic modification is to be one of the most advanced uses of technology to ever been devised. There are two common food genetic modifications one is for herbicide tolerance and the other is adding a gene from soil bacteria. In order to give plants herbicide tolerance they are given a gene to protect them from herbicides that a farmer uses to kill off weeds. The added trait from soil bacteria is called Bacillus thuringiensis and this allows plants to produce their own insecticide. In today’s day and age GM foods stem mostly from plants, but it is said that in the future GM microorganisms and animals are likely to be introduced to the market. (World Health Organization) Development of GM Crops The development of genetically modified organisms started with an Augustinian monk named Gregor Mendel in the mid 1800’s. Mendel carried out experiments with pea plants which he came to the conclusion that these plants pass on hereditary traits from one generation to the next. It was not until the 1900’s when scientists developed early ideas around biotechnology. (Tucker) The discovery of DNAShow MoreRelatedGenetically Foods : Genetically Modified Foods1239 Words   |  5 PagesGenetically Modified Foods â€Å"70 percent of our corn farmland and 93 percent of soy farmland are planted with crops genetically engineered to resist pests and herbicides and increase crop yields. 60% of all the processed foods in the United States are genetically modified; a shocking statistic has the concern of many Americans. However, most people are uninformed about the beneficial impact that genetically modified food has on their diet. GM is the use of molecular biology technology to modify theRead MoreGenetically Modified Food : Modified Foods1165 Words   |  5 PagesCheenne 09/21/2014 Genetically Modified Food Accompany the growing population in the world and food shortages, in order to alleviate the immediate crisis, transgenic technology began to be used in the field of food production. Genetic engineering technology as a young technology, which gives us a lot of genetically modified food and gained unprecedented gains. But science is a double-edged sword. People are concern the topic about that whether genetically modified foods is safety. It is evidentlyRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Food947 Words   |  4 PagesAs genetically modified food appeared into people’s consciousness, it had been at the center of vehement controversy. Because people lack information about genetically modified food’s potential influence, they wonder whether genetically modified food is a miracle or not. Genetically modified food can solve several problems. The potential effects of genetically modified food also should be measured. However, people should not assume that genetic ally modified food only has disadvantages, but understandRead MoreGenetically And Genetically Modified Foods822 Words   |  4 PagesGenetically Modified Foods What is it that we are eating? 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Information is, in fact, available on these genetically modified products, but they have to be sought out. TheRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods1101 Words   |  4 Pages Ever wondered what has been put into everyday food and what the impact is on human health? Approximately 60-80 % of everyday food has one ingredient made from genetically modified foods. When hearing â€Å"genetically modified food† people automatically think it is only bad for health, but there is also a good impact surprisingly. The one bad thing is that people do not know what types food have been modified because the re are no labels for GMO products. Even though GMOs have a bad impact on humanRead MoreWhat Are Genetically Modified Foods?1236 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are genetically-modified foods? The term GM foods or GMOs (genetically-modified organisms) is most commonly used to refer to crop plants created for human or animal consumption using the latest molecular biology techniques. These plants have been modified in the laboratory to enhance desired traits such as increased resistance to herbicides or improved nutritional content. The enhancement of desired traits has traditionally been undertaken through breeding, but conventional plant breeding methodsRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods1787 Words   |  7 PagesPart 1 Genetically Modified Food ‘With genetically modified foods I believe we have reached the thin edge of the wedge, we are messing with the building blocks of life and its scary’ - Malcom Walker, Chairman and Chief Executive of Iceland Foods (Quotes from Scientists). Genetically modified organisms or GMOs are plants or animals made by splicing the gene and inserting DNA from different species of plants, animals, bacteria, and viruses. These genes would not naturally result in a cross breed.Read MoreGenetically Modified Food1213 Words   |  5 PagesThis report evaluate about the genetically modified food that why we need this, what are its key issues and how we can overcome these issues? In the field of biotechnology, the vast development was observed in the last few decades comprising the manipulation of genetic material to generate animal and plants with certain desirable attributes. Genetically Modified/Manipulated Organisms frequently termed as GMOs, refer to organisms whose genetic material has been modified through recombinant DNA (rDNA)Read MoreGenetically Modified Foods1928 Words   |  8 PagesAre genetically modified foods assessed differently from traditional foods? Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) are known to cause a swarm of controversy; a lot of experts disagree with the notion that if it’s economically successful, then the potential health risks found in Genetically Modified Foods can be overlooked. The questions someone must ask themselves is this, can the Genetically Modified Foods be helpful? Does money matter more than your health? Ask yourself these questions. But before

The Flawed Prison System of America - 1039 Words

The Unites States of America’s prison system is a flawed mess. To open the eyes of our government we must first take a stand against unlawful government decisions, and show support for the greater good of society. What are our own tax-dollars paying for, what are the flaws in the justice/prison system, why is overcrowding in prisons causing tension, and what are ways our society and government can rebuild the system that has been destroyed over the years? Most criminals in prisons are not a danger to our society because they commit crimes just to use jail as a shelter, causing the overcrowding of prisons and wasting away of what we really should be paying for. Our government deceives our perspective, causing taxpayers to just give their†¦show more content†¦To put it in another way, it is to reduce the flow of new prisoners into the system, reserving that for the more serious offenders. Therefore, if we reduce the overcrowding rate, what are we going to do with all th e criminals not headed to jail or prison? Well, that brings us to step four: realizing the benefits of the alternatives to incarceration. Because building prisons puts a terrible strain on most state’s budgets, taxpayers have been more willing to consider programs that might cost less- as long as they also control and punish crimes appropriately. Alternatives saves the taxpayers money along with strengthening families and communities by keeping them together and allowing criminals to contribute to the community like paying taxes and getting a job.(Alternatives, 2) 77% of adults believe alternatives are the best way to deal with non-violent and non-serious offenders. Alternative promote good behavior by advertising the possibility of â€Å"good-time credits† which allow prisoners to reduce their sentence with good behavior. (Overcrowding, 1) These types of benefits will surely make an impact on our society for the better. Furthermore, these benefits will only become effective if the alternatives stay consistent and strict. Naming and accepting the alternative possibilities is step five to changing our justiceShow MoreRelatedA Credible Approach For Criminal Convictions981 Words   |  4 PagesEven though America’s prisons are illustrated as a credible approach for individuals and institutions to bring justice, it has done a poor job to properly convict people for criminal acts and instances of violence, and to provide victim’s with satisfaction for due justice. Karakatsanis further evaluates upon the process of convictions in America. For instance, he examines the techniques that help support a court verdict, when he writes, â€Å"For many decades, American courts have allowed criminal convictionsRead MoreThe Incarceration Of The United States1519 Words   |  7 Pagesin recent decades, violent crimes in the United States of America have been on a steady decline, however, the number of people in the United States under some fo rm of correctional control is reaching towering heights and reaching record proportions. In the last thirty years, the incarceration rates in the United States has skyrocketed; the numbers roughly quadrupled from around five hundred thousand to more than 2 million people. (NAACP)In a speech on criminal justice at Columbia University, HillaryRead MoreThe Modern Prison System And The American Government System1530 Words   |  7 Pagesin. This is no different in the correction industry, one of the least funded areas in the American government system. 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This paper will be base for explaining how the PIC works and what really goes on behind all the barbed wire and armed guards. â€Å"The term ‘Prison Industrial Complex’ was firstRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiment Article Addresses The Psychology Of Power Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe Stanford Prison Experiment article addresses the psychology of power by studying a model of the prisoner and guard relationship as represented by the American penal system. The authors, through a unique experiment involving volunteers who would play the roles of guards and prisoners in a somewhat realistic prison setting, hoped to provide empirical scientific evidence and information proving that th e American penal system is not only dysfunctional and inherently flawed, but causes real and lastingRead MoreThe American Criminal Justice System1398 Words   |  6 PagesCriminal Justice system is arguably one of the most fair systems in the world. However, like anything it has its flaws. There are many flaws but the largest three, in my opinion, would be the fact that we have the highest incarceration rate of any other country, the high penalties for drug users, as well as the jury system. The high incarceration rates and the penalties for drug users affect each other but they are still issues on their own. In fact, many of issues within our system coincide withinRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1403 Words   |  6 Pageswhen he was accused of a crime that he did not commit but really it was Bobby Poole who was an exact image of him; he had to spend 11 years of his life in prison before getting his life back. (Weinberg 358-359). Flaws such as this in our justice sys tem are a reason why abolishing the death penalty is still a controversial debate. The legal system is there to defend the cries of the innocent, yet it cannot seem to determine who the innocents are. Until the voice of its people can be defended, the deathRead MoreThe Flawed Drug Policy of America1691 Words   |  7 PagesAmericas Flawed Drug Policy Introduction: As a major policy issue in the United States, the War on Drugs has been one of the most monumental failures on modern record. At a cost of billions of taxpayer dollars, thousands of lives lost and many thousands of others ruined by untreated addiction or incarceration, Americas policy orientation concerning drug laws is due for reconsideration. Indeed, the very philosophical orientation of the War on Drugs and of the current drug policy in the UnitedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1603 Words   |  7 Pagesis an unfair, inhumane, unconstitutional, and irreversible punishment that’s much too severe and is an unfit punishment for a fair and just society. Internationally, the U.S. ranks fifth in terms of the number of prisoners put to death, putting America in such ill-esteemed company as the regimes of China, Iran, North Korea, and Yemen. Not only is the death penalty wrong, but also it’s unfair to. Each state has their own laws when it comes to the death penalty, some states don’t even have theRead MoreEssay on Legalization of Prostitution1607 Words   |  7 Pagesenforced crime that costs America large sums of money (Chittom 1). Contrary to what many think though, this crime isn’t illegal in all of America. Though illegal in the majority of America, it is legalized in the state of Rhode Island, as well as in several rural counties in Nevada (2). With the current way that prostitution is in America, it often makes people consider how it is elsewhere and if a different system of treatment would be more fitting. While being a crime in America, prostitution is legal

Mumbai Dabbawalah Free Essays

————————————————- Dabbawala From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Mumbai Dabbahwalas A  dabbawala  (Marathi:   ); also spelled as  dabbawalla  or  dabbawallah; literally meaning (â€Å"box person†), is a person in  India, most commonly found in the city of  Mumbai, who is employed in a unique service industry whose primary business is collecting freshly cooked food in  lunch boxes  from the residences of the  office workers  (mostly in the suburbs), delivering it to their respective workplaces and returning the empty boxes back to the customer’s residence by using various modes of transport. Tiffin† is an old-fashioned English word for a light lunch or afternoon snack, and sometimes, by extension, for the box it is carried in. For this reason, the  dabbawalas are sometimes called  Tiffin Wallahs. We will write a custom essay sample on Mumbai Dabbawalah or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contents  Ã‚  [hide]   * 1  Etymology and historical roots * 1. 1  The Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust * 2  Supply chain * 2. 1  Appearance and coding * 2. 2  Uninterrupted services * 3  Economic analysis * 3. 1  Awards and recognition * 4  In Media * 5  References * 6  Further reading * 7  External links| ————————————————- edit]Etymology and historical roots A  dabba, or Indian-style tiffin box. The word â€Å"Dabbawala† in  Marathi  when literally translated, means â€Å"one who carries a box†. â€Å"Dabba† means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container), while â€Å"wala† is a suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word. [1]  The closest meaning of the  Dabbawala  in English would be the â€Å"lunch box delivery man†. Though this profession seems to be simple, it is actually a highly specialized service in Mumbai which is over a century old and has become integral to the cultural life of this city. The concept of the  dabbawala  originated when India was under  British rule. Many British people who came to the  colony  did not like the local food, so a service was set up to bring lunch to these people in their workplace straight from their home. Nowadays, although Indian businesspersons are the main  customers  for the dabbawalas, increasingly affluent families employ them instead for lunch delivery to their school-aged children. Even though the services provided might include cooking, it primarily consists of only delivery either home-made or in that latter case, food ordered from a restaurant. edit]The Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust This service originated in 1880. In 1890, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche and Ananth Mandra Reddy started a lunch delivery service with about 100 men. [2]In 1930, he informally attempted to unionize the  dabbawallas. Later a charitable trust was registered in 1956 under the name of  Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust. The co mmercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as  Mumbai Tiffin Box Supplier’s Association. The present President of the association is Raghunath Medge. Nowadays, the service often includes cooking of food in addition to the delivery. ———————————————— [edit]Supply chain A collecting Dabbawala on a bicycle Mumbai is a very densely populated  city of millions  with huge flows of  traffic. Because of this, lengthy commutes to workplaces are common, with many workers traveling by train. Instead of going home for  lunch  or paying for a meal and eating out every day in a  cafe, many office workers have a cooked meal sent either from their home, or sometimes from a caterer who essentially cooks and delivers the meal in lunch boxes and then have the empty lunch boxes collected and re-sent the same day. This is usually done for a monthly fee of about 450 Indian rupees. The meal is  cookedin the morning and sent in lunch boxes carried by dabbawalas, who have a complex association and hierarchy across the city. Dabbawalas in action at a  Mumbai Suburban Railway  station. A  collecting dabbawala, usually on  bicycle, collects dabbas either from a worker’s home or from the dabba makers. As many of the carriers are illiterate, the dabbas have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or group of symbols. The dabbawala then takes them to a designated sorting place, where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort (and sometimes bundle) the lunch boxes into groups. The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of  trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes). The markings include the  railway station  to unload the boxes and the building address where the box has to be delivered. At each station, boxes are handed over to a  local dabbawala, who delivers them. The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses. edit]Appearance and coding Markings: (1) abbreviations for collection points, (2) colour code for starting station, (3) number for destination station and (4) markings for handling dabbawala at destination, building and floor. [3] A typical  dabbawala  lunch. It was estimated in 2007 that the dabbawala industry was still growing by 5-10%  per annum. [4] Although t he service remains essentially low-tech, with the delivery men as the prime movers, the dabbawalas have started to embrace technology, and now allow tanuj wadhi for delivery through  SMS. 5]  An on-line poll on the web site ensures that customer feedback is given pride of place. The success of the system depends on teamwork and time management. Such is the dedication and commitment of the barely literate and barefoot delivery men (there are only a few delivery women) who form links in the extensive delivery chain, that there is no system of documentation at all. A simple colour-coding system doubles as an ID system for the destination and recipient. There are no multiple elaborate layers of management either — just three layers. Each dabbawala is also required to contribute a minimum capital in kind, in the form of two bicycles, a wooden crate for the tiffins, white cotton  kurta-pyjamas, and the white trademarkGandhi cap  (topi). The return on capital is ensured by monthly division of the earnings of each unit. [edit]Uninterrupted services The service is almost always uninterrupted, even on the days of severe weather such as  monsoons. The local dabbawalas and population know each other well, and often form bonds of trust. Dabbawalas are generally well accustomed to the local areas they cater to, and use shortcuts and other low profile routes to deliver their goods on time. Occasionally, people communicate between home and work by putting messages inside the boxes; however, with the rise of instant communication such as SMS and instant messaging, this trend is vanishing. Since 1890 ,the year in which the Dabbawalas formally came into existence ,none of its members had ever gone on a strike. This trend was broken in 2011 when the members decided to head towards Azad Maidan to support Anna Hazare in his campaign against corruption. [6] ————————————————- [edit]Economic analysis Each  dabbawala, regardless of role, gets paid about eight thousand rupees per month. In 1998,  Forbes Magazine  found its reliability to be that of a  six sigma  standard. [better  source  needed]  This implies that the Dabbawalas make less than one mistake in every 6 million deliveries, despite most of the delivery staff being illiterate. 7]  More than 175,000 to 200,000 lunch boxes get moved every day by an estimated 4,500 to 5,000  dabbawalas, all with an extremely small nominal fee and with utmost punctuality. The  BBC  has produced a  documentary  on  dabbawalas[citation needed]  and  Prince Charles, during his visit to India, visited them (he had to fit in with their schedule, since their timing was too precise to permit any flexibility). Prince Charles also invited them to his wedding withCamilla Parker Bowles  in London on 9 April 2005. Owing to the tremendous publicity, some of the dabbawalas were invited to give guest lectures in some of the top  business schools  of India, which is very unusual. Most remarkably in the eyes of many Westerners, the success of the dabbawala trade has involved no advanced technology,[8]  except for trains (and as mentioned above, SMS services for booking). The New York Times  reported in 2007 that the 125-year-old  dabbawala  industry continues to grow at a rate of 5–10% per year. [4] [edit]Awards and recognition ISO 9001:2000 certified by the  Joint Accreditation System of Australia and New Zealand  [9] ————————————————- [edit]In Media On 28 December 2011, the British series, â€Å"Top Gear† broadcasted the episode â€Å"India Special† where Clarkson, Hammond, and May travel to India for a â€Å"trade mission†. In Mumbai, they ai med to beat the efficiency of the dabbawala by using a car instead of a train. The mission fails when Clarkson, in a rush to beat the train, did not take enough cargo, leaving Hammond to carry Clarkson’s load as well as his own. Hammond accidentally loses and subsequently ruins some of his cargo, and May, trying to take a ring road approach to the station, takes a wrong turn and ends up in the countryside. [10] ————————————————- [edit]References 1. ^  Pathak R. C. (1946, Reprint 2000). The Standard Dictionary of the Hindi Language, Varanasi: Bhargava Book Depot,pp. 300,680 2. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech†. Physorg. com. Retrieved 2011-09-15. 3. ^  Mumbai’s amazing Dabbawalas. Rediff. com  (November 11, 2005). 4.   a  b  In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver  from  The New York Times 5. ^  BBC News: India’s tiffinwalas fuel economy 6. ^  http://www. thehindubusinessline. com/industry-and-economy/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850. ece 7. ^  The Guardian. A Bombay lunchbox  (June 24, 2002). 8. ^  Ambe rish K Diwanji, â€Å"Dabbawallahs: Mumbai’s best managed business†, Rediff. com, November 4, 2003 9. ^  Mydabbawala. com: Accolades To Dabbawala 10. ^  http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top_Gear:_India_Special How to cite Mumbai Dabbawalah, Essay examples

Napoleon Essays (613 words) - French Emperors, House Of Bonaparte

Napoleon Although he inspired new social, economic, and political ideas, Napoleon Bonaparte is better known for his military tactics. Even today, his battle plans are used and studied by many in the military. Napoleon, who started out as an extremely short and wimpy foreigner who rose to become Emperor of France, died in 1821 at St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic. He was fifty-two years old. Th cause is uncertain: either he was poisoned or he died of a stomach ailment. Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica just as France conquered it. At age ten, Napoleon was sent to military school outside Paris. At sixteen, he graduated and became a lieutenant in the artillery. When the French revolution broke out, Napoleon sided with the new government. Along with the help of his army, he dissolved the revolutionary government and made himself emperor. Saying he was saving the Revolution, Napoleon established a new government that stressed equality. Through his prowess, Napoleon greatly enlarged the French Empire. Though he ran into many problems and was soon defeated, he came back to fight one more battle before his last defeat, and was then taken to St. Helena as a prisoner. Of all his accomplishments, Napoleon's political decisions had the most lasting influence. His guiding principle was that everyone should have an equal chance regardless of their social status at birth. Napoleon believed in a meritocracy, a novel system where people would be placed in positions according to merit and not their birth. Napoleon also established the Napoleonic Code. Through these laws, Napoleon declared all people equal before the law and the three estates of France's old government abolished. Ironically, though he believed in equality, as emperor, Napoleon stood above his new laws for he loved power. As a general, Napoleon is ranked beside the greatest military geniuses. He conquered nearly all of Europe creating an empire that had not been seen since Roman times. Through his military strategy prowess, Napoleon was able to come out as the victor in battles even if he was largely outnumbered. He quickly defeated almost every country from Spain to Russia. Although he did not add every country to France, he established many puppet monarchies that were loyal to him. To complement his influence around France, Napoleon also set up a series of alliances that loosely attached Russia, Prussia, and Austria to his empire. Although Napoleon's empire was great and powerful, it was extremely unstable due to Napoleon's lust for power and pride. He had too much power, for all his alliances and puppet governments were held together only by him and would deteriorate once he began to stumble. Napoleon believed that he could no be defeated. When the British decisively defeated his navy, he tried to stop their imports from coming in but only hurt his empire in doing so. Although Napoleon was at last defeated by the Grand Alliance, it was only accomplished because of his army's weakness after the Russian campaign. Napoleon tried attacking Russia but instead of meeting an army, he met the all-powerful weather of Russia. His army was decimated. Napoleon's lust for power had caused his downfall. Overall, Napoleon was one of the greatest men ever to rule a great empire. Both a military and political genius, he conquered most of Europe in only five years. He also introduced the ideas of meritocracy and equality for all before the law. Although Napoleon had a great lust of power that eventually brought his downfall, overall he was one of the greatest conquerors. He was only struck down by two obstacles: the Russian weather and lust for power. History

A Round of Applause essays

A Round of Applause essays When you go to the theater you may never see your name in lights but your role as an audience member is just as important as the star of the show. A play never really exists until it is performed in front of an audience. That makes an audience what the art of playwriting is all about, its the magic of the theater and the excitement of imagination. Plays must be written so that the audience member changes deep inside, and seeing the writer change as well. Theater is a social event and to feel its full effect it must be experienced as a group. Most people come to be entertained, to have their emotions stirred, or to laugh. Theater uses bright lights, movement and dance to keep your attention. Even though you are there as individuals, an audience quickly becomes a group. A social psychologist by the name of Emory Bogardus said that through willing suspension of disbelief, individual differences melt away; you become a crowd, and the nature of your response changes. In his discussion of crowd behavior he also points out that, A heightened state of suggestibility is characteristic of a crowd. The preponderance of feelings over reason heightens suggestibility. The excitement that frequently prevails in a crowd throws persons off their guard. The force of numbers is overwhelming. A part of the problem of controlling attention is avoiding the distractions that curse a theatrical performance, such as people coming in late, the rust ling of programs, foot shuffling, coughs and sneezes as well as distractions that may occur onstage such as missed cues, long waits, poor costumes, obvious makeup, scenery that shakes when a door is slammed, a crooked picture, and light-reflecting surfaces. There are two types of audiences, voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary says that people watch and listen on their own; they make an effort to understand. Involuntary requires no conscious effort. It results from stimuli such a...

Think Your New ACT Writing Score Is Wrong Recent Issues, Explained

Think Your New ACT Writing Score Is Wrong Recent Issues, Explained SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you took the ACT with Writing in September, October, or December of 2015, you may have been taken by surprise by the change in the essay prompt (compared to previous ACT Writing tests). And when you got your scores back...well, you may have been even more confused. While the change in the ACT essay format was announced ahead of time, the full explanation of how the Writing scores would be normalized was not made clear until after the first administration of the new ACT Writing test. Because of this, ACT, Inc. faceda bit of controversy about the scoring of the new Writing test.Now they've returned to a 12-point scoring scale, with a more transparent calculation system. Read on to learn what all this means for you. feature image credit: Shock and Awe by Pascal. Public domain. Some Quick Background Information Saturday, September 12, 2015 was the first worldwide administration of the new ACT Writing Test. The changes to the essay included a completely different assignment, a different scoring system (essay scores range from 1-36 instead of 2-12), and a different amount of time for the essay (40 minutes instead of 30). These parameters were made publicly available beforehand (although they were not perhaps publicized as widely as they could have been), so while some students didn’t realize the test was changing, that part wasn't entirely ACT, Inc.'s fault. Deadline Drama Many students applying early decision or early action to schools had thought that taking the September ACT would leave plenty of time for their scores to be ready before those November 1st Early Decision or Early Action deadlines. After all, in the past, multiple choice scores had been released by a couple of weeks after the test date, and Writing scores by a couple of weeks after that. Even though ACT, Inc. gave its standard caution that scores could take as much as 8 weeks, most students expected (reasonably) that their scores would be in and sent to colleges well before the ED/EA deadlines. It rapidly became apparent, however, that scoring the Writing tests was taking longer than usual, presumably because of the new scoring for the new Writing test. On October 14th (about one month after the September 12th test date), one student complained: "My writing score isn't up yet, even though I got my multiple choice scores 2 weeks ago. This is so frustrating." Six days later, students and parents alike were starting to get nervous. As one parent wrote, "...apparently most people who took the September 12th test have still not received their complete scores, which is putting some ED applications in jeopardy. (I have a niece in this situation.)" The concern students were feeling about not having their Writing scores back rapidly snowballed when it was realized that, if you take the ACT with Writing, ACT, Inc. won't send out your score report at all until your essay has been graded. This meant that if your essay wasn’t graded before the end of October (or before October 15th, in the case of some ED/EA deadlines), whatever school(s) you were applying to wouldn’t even get to see your multiple choice scores on English, Math, Reading, and Science for the September ACT. Soon, the frenzy about the delay in Writing scores spread beyond (mainly student-populated) forums to online news sites. As Examiner.com reported: So far, ACT has refused to support students affected by the absence of Writing scores by sending colleges official score reports minus the Writing score for those needing these results for early consideration. No reason has been provided, only an indication that it’s not the policy of ACT to send partial results. This policy made many students and parents less than happy with ACT, Inc. â€Å"Still no writing score. As many of you, cannot get scores out without writing. We reached out to some colleges to let them know that an updated score would be coming. Very disappointing, as ACT released the MC choice later than expected (states on their website "most" score are released within 2 weeks.... So of course they did not release the MC scores timely, and then once again, falsely state that the writing score would be available 14 days after MC scores are released again, did not occur. So, same story as you all and then of course those who still have not even received your MC scores my heart goes out to you... Bottom line - ACT needs to revise their processes, it's just not working well or fairly.† (source: College Confidential) Most likely as a result of the outcry from students and parents, ACT, Inc. reached out to schools in October to notify them of the issue with the delay in score release. Inside Higher Ed reported that ACT, Inc. had sent an email to the National Association of College Admission Counseling urging colleges to allow screenshots of multiple-choice scores from the September ACT as a stopgap measure. While many students were unhappy with the score delay, however, it was clear that ACT, Inc. was still within the timeframe it had set out for itself for grading the essays. As another College Confidential poster wrote: "There is no "fiasco". When we signed up for the Sept. test, the website very clearly stated what bluebayou posted above. This means that some people will not have their complete score report until after Nov. 1, since 8 weeks after Sept. 12 is clearly after Nov. 1. D has received all of her scores, including writing, as of last week. But we went in knowing that they might be late enough that she'd miss an EA date or two. I don't know why it's shocking to people that ACT is releasing scores exactly as the website says it will." Because of the scoring issues in September, when students asked if the December ACT with Writing scores would be available by January, I advised that the answer was probably NO. The Plot Thickens So...some students thought they’d be able to squeeze in one more ACT before early decision/early action deadlines, but it turns out they were wrong. So what? Well, the ACT Writing scoring saga doesn’t stop there. When students finally did get their scores back, confusion still abounded over how exactly these scores were reached. Students who were used to getting in the 30s on all the other sections of the ACT found that they were getting essay scores in the low 20s on the Writing section. One student posted on Reddit: â€Å"I was really disappointed that I got a 20 on writing but 32 composite.. I pretty much can't send this score anymore.† For students who didn’t know there was a new prompt, or who have difficulty writing under pressure, low Writing scores weren't all that surprising. But some students soon realized that there seemed to be a disconnect between their writing subscores and their overall essay scores. As another confused student put it: â€Å"I received a 9 on all subscores for Writing, but my score came out to a 24. Is this correct on ACT's part, or is there a scoring error† It seemed that the Writing scores on, for instance, the September 2015 ACT were equated differently from how ACT, Inc. had announced they'd be scored. For instance, one commenter on our blog received 11/12 on all four subscores but a 31/36 for her ACT Writing score, whereas the Preparing for the ACT 2015-2016 PDF indicated that 11/12 on all four subscores should result in a 34/36 Writing score. Another student on a different site noted this same issue, writing: â€Å"†¦what's also weird is that the curve for the writing section changes for each administration. So, 11/11/11/11 may be a 31 on one test (like the September one) and a 34 on a different test (the 2015-2016 Official Practice Test). It seems odd that there isn't a uniform curve for the writing section. How is one prompt harder than another prompt?† Was ACT, Inc. changing how the Writing test was scored from test to test? If so, it hadn't made that fact clear beforehand. Still other students saw a precipitous drop in their essay scores from one administration of the new Writing test to the next. One angry student wrote: â€Å"I literally just got my Dec 12th test back, and my composite is a whopping 35, but my writing score is 09. This is extremely peculiar, because the last two times I took the test, my writing scores were 34 and 35, respectively, and if anything, I only IMPROVED during my most recent attempt. Clearly my writing booklet has been mixed up with someone else's, because this is not only an inaccurate measure of my abilities, but a clear CLERICAL error.† What Happened? Why the huge issues with scoring for ACT Writing? Why were normally 32+ composite scoring students getting single-digit scores on the ACT Writing? I believe that there were a couple of reasons that things went so wrong. 1. Grading Error Every time the ACT is administered, a few tests are graded incorrectly. Whether the wrong score report gets sent out, or the scanner read a â€Å"7† instead of a â€Å"27,† or you didn't fill in your multiple choice answers darkly enough†¦these things happen. The fraction of students who are affected by these errors is so small that it’s normally not an issue. In addition, any scoring errors on the previous ACT Writing test might not have been as noticeable, since there were smaller gaps between the score points. It was conceivable that you could go from a 11/12 on a good day to a 6/12 on a not-so-great day. However, the September and December ACT administrations were critical for early and regular admissions deadlines, which made students hyper-conscious of any unusual blips in their scores. Add that to the change in scoring method, and there were just more people complaining about oddly low scores than usual. 2. Norming Error ACT, Inc. did finally release a concordance chart for the new ACT writing test in late September. This chart explains how the current system of ACT Writing scoring and the old system are linked. Basically, ACT, Inc. ran a special score concordance study where the same group of students took both essay tests. The scores for the new ACT Writing were then normalized so that the same numbers of students got scores at each new score point as they would have on the old essay (although it wasn’t necessarily the same students in each percentile). Normalizing scores like this is a little tricky because, just like when comparing the SAT and ACT, the scores aren’t on the same scale, so some extra math is required to equate the scores. Here is a copy of the chart the ACT has released comparing the previous out-of-12 Writing scores to the current out-of-36 Writing scores: Former ACT Writing Score Concordant Current ACT Writing Score 2 1 3 7 4 10 5 12 6 16 7 19 8 23 9 30 10 32 11 34 12 36 (source: ACT.org) As you can see, there are some pretty large leaps in the concordant scores, particularly between what used to be an 8/12 (both graders giving the essay 4/6) and a 9/12 (one grader giving the essay 4/6 and one giving it 5/6). Now, when you look at the ACT’s percentile ranking for the new Writing test, it’s clear that a 23/36 on the Writing still places you in the 83rd percentile, which is not too shabby. Score Writing Percentile 36 99 35 99 34 99 33 99 32 99 31 98 30 98 29 97 28 95 27 95 26 93 25 90 24 88 23 83 But as one concerned parent pointed out: â€Å"My DD also got a 35 composite and a 23 on writing. This sounds really low, but actually correlates to the 83rd percentile. But a 23 on the other sections correlate to percentiles in the 60s. So when colleges see a 23, will they also see the 83rd percentile, or will they assume it's much worse than it is?† And as ACT, Inc. itself admitted in a January 2016 report, "A casual observer may assume that a student who received a score of 32 on ACT English, ACT Composite, and ACT writing demonstrated consistent performance, but that would be incorrect." To explain why, we need to look at the percentile ranks for all the sections, side by side. I've combined the most recent information ACT, Inc. has released for the Writing scores and for composite and section scores in the below chart: Score (/36) Composite Percentile English Percentile Math Percentile Reading Percentile Science Percentile Writing Percentile 36 99 99 99 99 99 99 35 99 99 99 99 99 99 34 99 98 99 98 99 99 33 99 97 98 97 98 99 32 98 95 97 95 97 99 31 96 93 96 92 96 98 30 95 92 95 89 95 98 29 92 90 93 86 94 97 28 90 88 91 84 92 95 27 87 85 88 81 90 95 26 83 82 84 78 87 93 25 79 79 78 75 83 90 24 74 74 73 71 77 88 23 68 69 67 66 70 83 For a refresher what percentiles rankings mean, read our guide to percentiles and score ranking on the ACT. As you can see, there is a pretty big discrepancy between a 23 on the Writing (which places you at or above 83 percent of all test takers) and a 23 on any of the other sections (which only places you at or above 66-70 percent of all test takers). Here's a graph that illustrates this contrast even further: (source: ACT.org) That jagged purple line to the left, lagging behind all the other section scores? That's the Writing scores for the September and October 2015 ACT. Because of this discrepancy, ACT, Inc. warns against comparing scores on the Writing test directy to scores on the other sections of the ACT. Quoted verbatim: "However, the new writing test combines the four domain scores, which are also reported to students, into an overall summary score on the 1–36 scale, making comparisons with other scores much more tempting. Perhaps too tempting!" What’s particularly weird is ACT, Inc.'s explanation of this scoring difference. In the same article in which the graph appears, the writers stated that it made sense that there was more variation in writing scores because it was just one question. True enough, but the rest of their explanation left me baffled: "Therefore, the writing test does have significantly greater variation than other scores because it is a single task, evaluated by raters using a 6-point interval scale, while other ACT tests are comprised of 40 to 75 questions." One of the big changes with the new ACT essay is that the essay graders aren’t giving essays a holistic score any more - two graders are giving each essay four domain scores out of six, for total domain scores out of twelve. Which means that the essay is really evaluated out of a 48 point raw score - not entirely dissimilar to the rest of the sections. So where does the score out of 36 come from? How is it being equated from the sum of the domain scores (which would be out of 48)? Well, according to ACT, Inc.: "The new writing scale score (1–36) is a nonlinear transformation of the sum of the two 1–to–6 rater scores on four domain scores (8–48)." But while ACT, Inc. released a preliminary chart for how this would work for the Preparing for the ACT 2015-2016 practice test, it appears, as I noted earlier, that the equating may be changing from test to test. Alas, it does not appear that a copy of the equating chart is sent out with the score report, so students have no way of knowing how the score out of 36 was arrived at. Without transparency about the process, it’s understandable why some students are confused and upset. Lifeless Face #038, by Nottsexminer, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. This hinge is just as upset as you. If not more so! Look at that face. UPDATE: More Changes to ACT Writing Ahead Just one year after ACT, Inc. completely overhauled the ACT Writing test, the scoring for the test is changing yet again. As of September 2016, the ACT Writing Test will no longer be scored on a scale of 1-36. Instead, students will receive a Writing score on a scale of 2-12 that is the average of all four of their domain scores (Ideas Analysis, Development Support, Organization, and Language Use), which are also each scored on a scale of 2-12. In addition, there are some "minor changes" to the wording of the prompt that removed the necessity of discussing all three perspectives in your essay. Here's a look at what the ACT essay task looked like up through June 2016: Write a unified, coherent essay in which you evaluate multiple perspectives on the conflict between public health and individual freedom. In your essay, be sure to: analyze and evaluate the perspectives given state and develop your own perspective on the issue explain the relationship between your perspective and those given Your perspective may be in full agreement with any of the others, in partial agreement, or wholly different. Whatever the case, support your ideas with logical reasoning and detailed, persuasive examples. And here's what it'll look like from September 2016 onwards. I've bolded the relevant change below. Write a unified, coherent essay about the conflict between public health and individual freedom. In your essay, be sure to: clearly state your own perspective on the issue and analyze the relationship between your perspective and at least one other perspective develop and support your ideas with reasoning and examples organize your ideas clearly and logically communicate your ideas effectively in standard written English Your perspective may be in full agreement with any of those given, in partial agreement, or completely different. ACT, Inc. announced the changes to the Writing test would go into effect September 2016 as part of ACT, Inc.’s effort to â€Å"reduce confusion among users.† As stated in both the official press release and in the FAQs about the Writing section, the reason for the scoring change was due to the larger differences between the scoring of the Writing test and the English, Math, Reading, and Science subject scores. "Students assumed that the scores on the 1-36 scale meant the same thing from one subject test to another. We recognize that this is a logical assumption, but it is not a correct assumption" (source: ACT Writing FAQs). The formal announcement of the changes to the ACT Writing test scoring occurred June 28, 2016; however, these changes didn’t come entirely out of nowhere. We at PrepScholar first noticed something odd when reading through the newly-released â€Å"Preparing for the ACT 2016-2017† PDF in mid-June 2016. Here's what it says on page 8, under the discussion of the ACT Writing Test: You will receive a total of five scores for this test: a single subject-level writing score reported on a scale of 2–12, and four domain scores based on an analytic scoring rubric. The four domain scores are: Ideas and Analysis, Development and Support, Organization, and Language Use and Conventions. Note: The subject score is the rounded average of the four domain scores. On page 62, further information was given on how to calculate your ACT Writing score for the practice test included in the PDF: So other than Step 2 (which on the real ACT will involve adding the two essay graders' scores on each rubric area together, rather than just multiplying each area score by two), this domain-score-averaging process is how the ACT Writing test will be scored starting September 2016. What Does This Mean For You? At this point, many colleges are aware of the issues ACT, Inc. had with the score release of the new ACT Writing. As Boston College states on its admissions website, "ACT has notified us that delivery of scores this year will be delayed due to their implementation of an enhanced design to the Writing portion of the test.† Plus, by now most college application deadlines for Fall 2016 have passed, so whether or not the scores were released in time is kind of a moot point. But what if you're applying to colleges next year, or are still worried about a low Writing score? What can you do about it? Option 1: Order Hand-Scoring Some students have resorted to ordering hand-scoring for their essays to see if it affects their scores (since ACT will only send colleges the new score if it is higher). In the case of at least one student, this was a success – the re-score took a Writing score of 22 (80th percentile) up to a 28 (95th percentile). Because hand-scoring for the essay is so expensive ($50.00), it might only be worth doing if you believe that you really did receive someone else’s scores in error (i.e. if your Writing score is 6 points different from what you expected), or if the subscores don’t seem to correlate to your writing score out of 36 (e.g. subscores of all 10s, writing score of 11/36). Unfortunately, this means that some students will be at a disadvantage, because fee waivers do not apply to hand-scoring. You do get refunded the fee if a scoring error is found, but the initial investment of $50 may still be something that economically disadvantaged students don’t want to risk (if there is no score difference). Option 2: Re-take ACT Writing in September 2016 In other cases, it might be worth taking the September or October ACTs in order to get an essay score on the more-familiar (to admissions officers) 12 point scale. I would strongly urge against depending on either of these test dates if you're applying early decision or early action for most schools, given the score reporting delays that were rampant last year. If you're applying regular decision, though, taking the September or October ACT Writing test could have a positive affect on your application, since a lower Writing score won't look quite as discrepant against the rest of your ACT scores. Now that ACT Writing is scored out of 12, rather than also being out of 36, schools will be less likely to compare your Writing score directly to your ACT English, Math, Reading, Science, and composite scores, and give a sideeye to any huge discrepancies. Option 3: Wait It Out For many students, however, the lower-than-expected writing scores are just a byproduct of the way the new ACT Writing section is normed. Take heart, though – many schools already view standardized test essays with a skeptical eye. As the National Council of Teachers of English has noted, â€Å"With respect to writing ability, the ACT's figures indicate at best that students who do well on the test can perform the writing tasks required on the test.† It's unlikely that the ACT's updated September 2016 scoring system is going to do anything to dispel this skeptical attitude. With the SAT essay becoming optional as of March 2016, it’s likely that fewer and fewer schools will care about the Writing section at all. And if you’re really worried about a low ACT Writing score, make sure to blow admissions officers away with a great personal statement to showcase your real writing skills. What Should You Do Now? If you want to retake the ACT to increase your Writing score, you'll need to make sure you completely understand the new prompts, what the rubric looks like, and how scoring works. Definitely make sure to check out our articles on how to get a perfect score on the ACT essay and how to write an ACT essay, step by step. Are you within three months of the date you took the ACT and want to get your essay re-scored? You're in luck! Find out all about how hand-scoring works here. Curious about what the difference is between test information release and hand scoring? Get the details on what TIR is and why you might want to order it in this article. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your ACT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

English A1 HL IB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English A1 HL IB - Essay Example This contrast is a direct placement of Iago as the villain of the story since biblical tradition accepts the representation of Satan as something he is not. The audience of the time would have clearly understood the idea that by presenting himself as something different Iago has plans in place to act as the villain of the story and will bring harm to other characters. Another contrast which is made evident in the first scene is the contrast between Iago and Cassio. Iago compares himself with the present lieutenant and shows that he is more battle ready while Cassio is nothing more than a womanizing mathematician who can not be expected to hold his own in any battle. Additionally, Iago says that he has proven himself to the chiefs of the city several times over while Cassio has done nothing which is worthy of praise. A particularly strange comparison is made by Iago concerning the features of Desdemona and Othello when he calls them a white ewe and an old black ram respectively. This comparison works on several levels since Iago is accusing both the lovers of bestiality, he is comparing Othello’s old age with Desdemona’s young age and finally, he is comparing their colors to show the difference races these individuals belong to. All three are negative comparisons and serve to only heighten the indignation Brabantio feels at the disappearance of his daughter. In scene 2, there is an interesting comparison between Othello and Iago. When Brabantio and his men are approaching Iago and Othello, Iago asks Othello to go into the shadow yet he refuses. This shows the character of Othello that he believes he has done nothing wrong in marrying the person he loves. On the other hand, the character of Iago prefers to remain in the shadows and casts doubts as well as creates schemes while being in the shadows. When Brabantio confronts Othello, he makes several comparisons between Othello and Desdemona

Issue Brief Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Issue Brief - Research Paper Example City of Austin Total area population in 1840 was 553 while in 2014 it is 865,504 as revealed by US bureau and the city of Austin, this is paramount to 156410.67%. It is such facts that make the city of Austin to be one of the fastest and developing city. It is not a common phenomenon for any major city in the United State to experience a decline in African-American population. The fact that there is an up serge in the population growth of Austin, Texas from time it was incepted, the declining rate of African-American is perplexing. Could it be an issue of racial segregation in zones such as education or employment? US data on population found that there is a major decline in American-American population in the city of Austin, Texas as compared to other major fast growing cities in the United States. Outmigration of African-American residents in some cities was also experienced but such cities didn’t have the same general population growth rate as compared to Austin1. The findings are more troubling in Austin, Texas than other cities due to the fact that they emerge statistically outlier as compared to other cities. Between the year 2000 and 2010, Austin was ranked as the third fastest growing city in the United State of America. The declaration was a result of the population growing by double digits, precisely 20.4%. It can also be described as a major city due to the fact that it has a population of more than 500,000. It was also reported by US census Data that African-American was the only racial group that declined in the period 2000-2010. Other major racial groups saw a positive population growth rate; the White increased by 10.9%, Hispanic increased by 38.5%, Asian increased by 60.8% while African-American decreased by -5.8%. This indicated that Austin was the major city that experienced a double-digit population growth rate (20.4%), yet it experienced a decline in American-American

The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen Essay -- Murder Hel

The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Murder of Helen Jewett, Patricia Cohen uses one of the most trivial murders during the 1800’s to illustrate the sexiest society accommodations to the privileged, hypocritical tunneled views toward sexual behavior, and the exploitation of legal codes, use of tabloid journalism, and politics. Taking the fact that woman was made from taking a rib from man was more than biblical knowledge, but incorporated into the male belief that a woman’s place is determined by the man. Helen had the proper rearing a maid servant, but how did she fall so far from grace. Judge Weston properly takes credit for rearing her with the proper strictness and education. Was Helen seduced at an early age and introduced to sexual perversions that were more persuasive that the bible belt life that the Weston’s tried to live? Was Helen simply a woman who knew how to use what she had to get what she wanted? Through personal correspondence, legal documentation, census reports, paintings, and newspapers we are able to make our own determinations. Cohen provides more than enough background and history to allow any one to make their own opinion how the murder of a woman could be turned into a side show at a circus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helen Jewett, a prominent New York prostitute, was murdered and not only was this rare but a heinous crime. Helen’s murder brought to the forefront the industry of prostitution. This would include the owners, managers, and the clients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Victorian era, in New York City, men and women roles within the society were as different as night and day. A man regardless of his extra curricular activities could still maintain a very prevalent place in society. A woman’s worth was not only based family name which distinguished her class and worth, but also her profession if that was applicable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an economic gold mine. The women operate the brothel while very distinguished men in the community own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nothing more than common home wrecking whores. However, the owners of the brothels are viewed as successful business men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, John Livingston, brother to President Jackson’s, Sec of State, own the 41 Thomas St brothel. Men of great wealth and statue were frequent to... ...use. This was customary for Richard to do. As the young suitor made his way up the steps Helen greeted him by saying, Richard I’m glad that you could make it. Helen retired to her room with her suitor and they remained there for the some time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helen emerged from her room around 11:00 pm asking for a bottle of wine and Mrs. Townsend delivered the wine and engaged in brief conversation while noticing the young man lying on the bed reading. She was very familiar with Robinson and was able to say without a doubt that he was the one that was in the bedroom with Helen. No one saw him leave nor did anyone let him out. Mrs. Townsend testified that a man had knocked on her door asking to be let out, but told him to have his woman to come and get the key. No one returned for the key so there is no possible logical explanation of how Richard got out of the house, nor was a logical possibility of how anyone else could have gotten in the house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were also several eye witnesses to the fact that Robinson was the owner of the cloak and that the hatchet used in the murder resembled the hatchet missing from Hoaxie’s store. Hoaxie just so happened to be Robinson’s boss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen Essay -- Murder Hel The Murder of Helen Jewett by Patricia Cline Cohen   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In The Murder of Helen Jewett, Patricia Cohen uses one of the most trivial murders during the 1800’s to illustrate the sexiest society accommodations to the privileged, hypocritical tunneled views toward sexual behavior, and the exploitation of legal codes, use of tabloid journalism, and politics. Taking the fact that woman was made from taking a rib from man was more than biblical knowledge, but incorporated into the male belief that a woman’s place is determined by the man. Helen had the proper rearing a maid servant, but how did she fall so far from grace. Judge Weston properly takes credit for rearing her with the proper strictness and education. Was Helen seduced at an early age and introduced to sexual perversions that were more persuasive that the bible belt life that the Weston’s tried to live? Was Helen simply a woman who knew how to use what she had to get what she wanted? Through personal correspondence, legal documentation, census reports, paintings, and newspapers we are able to make our own determinations. Cohen provides more than enough background and history to allow any one to make their own opinion how the murder of a woman could be turned into a side show at a circus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helen Jewett, a prominent New York prostitute, was murdered and not only was this rare but a heinous crime. Helen’s murder brought to the forefront the industry of prostitution. This would include the owners, managers, and the clients.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the Victorian era, in New York City, men and women roles within the society were as different as night and day. A man regardless of his extra curricular activities could still maintain a very prevalent place in society. A woman’s worth was not only based family name which distinguished her class and worth, but also her profession if that was applicable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During this time in society the industry of prostitution was an economic gold mine. The women operate the brothel while very distinguished men in the community own and take care of the up keep. The brothel keepers are seen as nothing more than common home wrecking whores. However, the owners of the brothels are viewed as successful business men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For example, John Livingston, brother to President Jackson’s, Sec of State, own the 41 Thomas St brothel. Men of great wealth and statue were frequent to... ...use. This was customary for Richard to do. As the young suitor made his way up the steps Helen greeted him by saying, Richard I’m glad that you could make it. Helen retired to her room with her suitor and they remained there for the some time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Helen emerged from her room around 11:00 pm asking for a bottle of wine and Mrs. Townsend delivered the wine and engaged in brief conversation while noticing the young man lying on the bed reading. She was very familiar with Robinson and was able to say without a doubt that he was the one that was in the bedroom with Helen. No one saw him leave nor did anyone let him out. Mrs. Townsend testified that a man had knocked on her door asking to be let out, but told him to have his woman to come and get the key. No one returned for the key so there is no possible logical explanation of how Richard got out of the house, nor was a logical possibility of how anyone else could have gotten in the house.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were also several eye witnesses to the fact that Robinson was the owner of the cloak and that the hatchet used in the murder resembled the hatchet missing from Hoaxie’s store. Hoaxie just so happened to be Robinson’s boss.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Development of Training and Mentoring Program

The merger between InterClean and Envirotech indicates the new strategic directions of both the companies. With these new strategic aims, the need for employee training and development has also been felt. Based on the job analysis of different employees, a training programs has to be developed in order to service their training and developmental needs. This paper aims to draw the basic outline necessary for planning and implementing the training program.New Training and Mentoring NeedsFirst of all it is necessary to identify which people are possible incumbents for the training. According to the to the job analysis conducted by officials of InterClean, the sales force is required to have much more polished skills so as to be an effective part of the sales team. Since, these people will be facing an increased burden of customers because of the merger; they will need increased sales efficiency, greater confidence and high morale. They must produce high quality, cost effective and consu mer responsive procurement services.Not only this, they must have the capability of working in a team, since some tasks are not the business of an individual and a group is required to achieve the targets.   While training may not provide the employees to have one-on-one interactions and detailed information about some serious issues, mentoring fills in this gap. In a nut shell, the training provided now, may help the sales force in their career development and for future work related needs.Objectives of the Training ProgramThe training program will have the following objectives:To increase the annual productivity of the sales force for the product line of the firmTo improve the withered morale of the sales force because of any incapability and to improve their confidence level.To reduce the turnover rate of the sales force.To improve the customer relations and finallyTo manage time and territory for the entire sales force of the organization. Performance standardsThe standards of assessment are already set by the organization. Employees will be evaluated on the basis of their expertise and knowledge which they will acquire. They will be judged on soft skills and hard skills, where soft skills refer to the abilities of the employees towards communication, interaction, multitasking, motivation, and their skills of persuading, listening and paying attention to their work. On the other hand, hard skills refer to the abilities of the employees in recovering funds, managing and processing data.Apart from these skills employees will also be judged on their ability of achieving sales targets, having the courage to bear risk-taking and on their experience. They will need a positive attitude, must be disciplined ethically, and the thing which counts the most is trustworthiness. They will also be evaluated on their ability to work under strict deadlines simultaneously being sales driven professional assiduous in providing customer service (Basuroy, 2000)Training Metho dsSince it is not possible for a single manager to provide on job training to all the potential trainees separately, therefore, other training methods including class room trainings, role playing, and electronic training methods should also be used.Training methods such as situational training or training by simulations will also be of great help (William, n.d.).Training ContentThe training content must include the overall objectives of the training program and the needs of the participants and the information which is provided during the training program must be directly correlated with the needs of the participants. Thus information should be designed in a manner that it matches with the present knowledge base of the participants. In addition to this, an effective orientation before the training program will help the participants to have a quick grasp on what they are going to learn in the training session. Training methods may include presentations, provisions of applicable mater ial and handouts of resources, group discussions etc.Time frameTraining and mentoring programs should be conducted in a manner that they deliver maximum efficiency and effectiveness while remaining inside the resources and the time available. Training programs do require that the information is transferred remaining within a balanced amount of time and resources (Spiro, n.d).Training budgets should be properly allocated. Employees from within the organizations usually are already committed to their own work and find it difficult to invest time in such training program, so, it is necessary to design the training program in a manner that these employees can give their time to it while remaining committed to their own work and providing ample amount of time to it as well.Evaluation MethodsEvaluation is necessary to identify the effectiveness and of the training programs and to redesign any disfigurations in future training programs. There are generally four ways to evaluate the trainin g program which includes:Reactions: The best way to dig out whether the participants thought of the training as something worthwhile or lame.Learning: Giving the trainees some kind of tests to check whether the information provided was fully absorbed or not.Behavior: The behavior of trainees identify whether the training has left an impact on his/her personality or not.Results: This is the aftermath, if the results of the trainees remain the same even after the training program then, it would be clear that the training was of no use. (Sharon, 2005)FeedbackAfter the training program the executives must provide their feedback to the trainees on their performance. They can either ask from the trainees if they find the training program useful or not. Positive feedback always reinforces behavior, so employers and employees must provide each other with sincere comments and suggestions in the form of feedback.Alternate avenues for those who need further developmentFor those employees who a re still lacking behind in something they should be provided further training on their areas of weaknesses, tying them up with result oriented rewards will have a positive impact on their morale and confidence level. Shortly, employees should be made responsible for smaller things at first and should be encouraged no matter if they achieve the target or not.ReferencesBasuroy S. (2000), â€Å"Sales Force Management.† Tata McGraw-Hill.Sharon G. (2005), â€Å"Training is the Key to the Success of Mentoring Programs.† Retrieved, August 24, 2010 from, http://www.mentoring-association.org/membersonly/AllProgr/GivensTrg.htmlSpiro, (n.d), â€Å"Management of a Sales Force,† Retrieved, August 24, 2010 from,http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=nQikg3nqN9EC&pg=PA196&lpg=PA196&dq=training+needs+for+sales+force&source=bl&ots=bdY5gxteDA&sig=IVK0EJf0TIschZMY3clYht6S9dg&hl=en&ei=4udzTLKXNoGIvgPN6_mxCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=feedback&f= falseWilliam P. (n.d), â€Å"Marketing,† Retrieved, August 24, 2010 from, http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=-R1zRakeLJgC&pg=PA532&lpg=PA532&dq=performance+standards+for+sales+force&source=bl&ots=de44b6Pr2B&sig=7wjzGfWNRA3ANGA-QSnUnMtM5m4&hl=en&ei=dfxzTOi3F4m8vgPQmpHECA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=performance%20standards%20for%20sales%20force&f=false